The most used 16 linux commands,every linux admin should know
it.in the whole article i just show the uses of all the commands and their
additional attributes too.
so lets start it..
#1: top - Process Activity Command
The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a
running system i.e. actual
process activity. By default, it displays the most
CPU-intensive tasks running on the
server and updates the list every five seconds.
HotKey Usage
t Displays summary information off and
on.
m Displays memory information off and
on.
A Sorts the display by top consumers of
various system resources. Useful for quick
i dentification of performance-hungry
tasks on a system.
f Enters an interactive configuration
screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a
specific task.
o Enables you to interactively select
the ordering within top.
r Issues renice command.
k Issues kill command.
z Turn on or off color/mono
#2: vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System
Information
The command vmstat reports information about processes,
memory, paging, block IO,
traps, and cpu activity.
Display Memory Utilization Slabinfo
# vmstat 3
Display Memory Utilization Slabinfo
# vmstat -m
or
if you are not an root user you have to make your self as
root user by adding 'sudo'
keyword in the command.
#sudo vmstat -m
Get Information About Active / Inactive Memory Pages
# vmstat -a
#3: w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They
Are Doing
'w' command displays information about the users currently
on the machine, and their
processes.
# w username
like in mine case user name is 'ubutu'
# w ubuntu
#4: uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running
The uptime command can be used to see how long the server
has been running. The
current time, how long the system has been running, how many
users are currently
logged on, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5,
and 15 minutes.
# uptime
1 can be considered as optimal load value. The load can
change from system to system.
For a single CPU system 1 - 3 and SMP systems 6-10 load value
might be acceptable.
#5: ps - Displays The Processes
ps command will report a snapshot of the current processes.
To select all processes use
the -A or -e option:
# ps -A
Show Long Format Output
# ps -Al
To turn on extra full mode (it will show command line
arguments passed to process):
# ps -AlF
To See Threads ( LWP and NLWP)
# ps -AlFH
To See Threads After Processes
# ps -AlLm
Print All Process On The Server
# ps ax
# ps axu
Print A Process Tree
# ps -ejH
# ps axjf
# pstree
Print Security Information
# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
# ps axZ
# ps -eM
See Every Process Running As User ubuntu
# ps -U ubuntu -u ubuntu u
Set Output In a User-Defined Format
# ps -eo
pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
# ps axo
stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
# ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
Display Only The Process IDs of Lighttpd
# ps -C lighttpd -o pid=
OR
# pgrep lighttpd
OR
# pgrep -u ubuntu php-cgi
for example i use mine machine PID(process ID) 55977
Display The Name of PID 55977
# ps -p 55977 -o comm=
Find Out The Top 10 Memory Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10
here the different in the command in the cpu use and the
meaomory is
about the -k value..
in the sort command their is the -k option what its
mean..??
-k, --key=KEYDEF sort via
a key; KEYDEF gives location and type
Find Out top 10 CPU Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10
#6: free - Memory Usage
The command free displays the total amount of free and used
physical and swap
memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the
kernel.
# free
#7: iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity
The command iostat report Central Processing Unit (CPU)
statistics and input/output
statistics for devices, partitions and network filesystems
(NFS).
# iostat
#8: sar - Collect and Report System Activity
The sar command is used to collect, report, and save system
activity information. To
see network counter, enter:
# sar -n DEV | more
but before used this command you have to make sure
that your /etc/default/sysstat is enabled.
#sudo leafpad /etc/default/sysstat
this will pop u the sysstat file ,where you have enable it
by putting 'true' word in lace of 'false'..
NOTE: actually i used here so many commands attributes in
all these commands..so if you want to know more basics commands plaese refer to
mine website www.zerocool-hexor.blogspot.in
where you will get the some basic articles and videos based
on linux commanding
To display the network counters from the 24th:
# sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa24 | more
You can also display real time usage using sar:
# sar 4 5
#9: mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage
The mpstat command displays activities for each available
processor, processor 0 being
the first one. mpstat -P ALL to display average CPU
utilization per processor:
# mpstat -P ALL
#10: pmap - Process Memory Usage
The command pmap report memory map of a process. Use this
command to find out
causes of memory bottlenecks.
# pmap -d PID
To display process memory information for pid # 3663,
enter:
# pmap -d 3663
The last line is very important:
mapped: 27528K writeable/private: 2828K
shared: 28K
mapped: 27528K total amount of memory mapped to
files
writeable/private: 2828K the amount of private address
space
shared: 28K the amount of address space this process is
sharing with others
#11 and #12: netstat and ss - Network
Statistics
The command netstat displays network connections, routing
tables, interface statistics,
masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. ss
command is used to dump
socket(IPs & Ports) statistics. It allows showing
information similar to netstat. See the following
resources about ss and netstat commands:
#13: iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics
The iptraf command is interactive colorful IP LAN monitor.
It is an ncurses-based IP LAN
monitor that generates various network statistics including
TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP
and OSPF information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP
checksum errors, and others. It
can provide the following info in easy to read format:
# sudo iptraf
Network traffic
statistics by TCP connection
IP traffic statistics
by network interface
Network traffic
statistics by protocol
Network traffic
statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet
size
Network traffic
statistics by Layer2 address
#14: /Proc file system - Various Kernel
Statistics
/proc file system provides detailed information about
various hardware devices and
other Linux kernel information. Common /proc examples:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | more
# cat /proc/meminfo | more
# cat /proc/zoneinfo | more
# cat /proc/mounts | more
** try rest off commands by own.
#15: Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems
Reporting and Graphing
The System Monitor application enables you to display basic
system information and
monitor system processes, usage of system resources, and
file systems. You can also
use System Monitor to modify the behavior of your system.
Although not as powerful as
the KDE System Guard, it provides the basic information
which may be useful for new
users:
*Displays various basic information about the computer's
hardware and software.
*Linux Kernel version
*GNOME version
*Hardware
*Installed memory
*Processors and speeds
*System Status
*Currently available disk space
*Processes
*Memory and swap space
*Network usage
*File Systems
*Lists all mounted filesystems along with basic information
about each.
Bonus: Additional Tools
A few more tools:
$nmap - scan your server for open ports.
$lsof - list open files, network connections and much more.
$ntop web based tool - ntop is the best tool to see network
usage in a way similar to
what top command does for processes i.e. it is network
traffic monitoring software.
You can see network status, protocol wise distribution of
traffic for UDP, TCP, DNS,
HTTP and other protocols.
$Conky - Another good monitoring tool for the X Window
System. It is highly
configurable and is able to monitor many system variables
including the status of
the CPU, memory, swap space, disk storage, temperatures,
processes, network
interfaces, battery power, system messages, e-mail inboxes
etc.
$GKrellM - It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs,
main memory, hard disks,
network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many
other things.
$vnstat - vnStat is a console-based network traffic monitor.
It keeps a log of hourly,
daily and monthly network traffic for the selected
interface(s).
$htop - htop is an enhanced version of top, the interactive
process viewer, which
can display the list of processes in a tree form.
$mtr - mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and
ping programs in a
single network diagnostic tool.
#socklist: to
see the open port running in the debian system
their are many other commands but i can't cover all of
these in this articles.
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